| Low-Voltage Distribution | Up to 1 kV AC | Service entrances, distribution boards, control panels, rooftop photovoltaic systems | Limiting transient overvoltage caused by lightning and switching events | Compact construction, resistance to moisture, no oil leakage, and suitability for outdoor enclosures | IEC 61643-11; IEC 61643-31 for photovoltaic applications | Integration with smart panels, remote status contacts, and photovoltaic and battery-storage protection systems |
| Medium-Voltage Distribution | Approximately 3–36 kV | Pole-mounted transformers, feeder terminals, substations, cable terminations | Protection of transformers, cables, switchgear, and overhead feeders from lightning and switching surges | Light weight, high mechanical strength, hydrophobic surface, and improved performance in contaminated environments | IEC 60099-4; IEEE C62.11; IEEE C62.22 | Higher energy ratings, condition monitoring, and improved coordination with distributed energy resources |
| Subtransmission Networks | Approximately 36–145 kV | Substations, line entrances, transformer high-voltage terminals, cable systems | Controlled residual voltage and sufficient thermal energy capability during repeated surge events | Lower transport and installation weight than porcelain designs, together with reduced breakage risk | IEC 60099-4; IEEE C62.11; utility-specific qualification requirements | Online leakage-current monitoring, digital asset management, and more compact substation layouts |
| High-Voltage Transmission | Above 145 kV, including extra-high-voltage systems | Line entrances, busbars, power transformers, shunt reactors, and GIS interfaces | High discharge capability, low protective level, thermal stability, and reliable pressure-relief behavior | Reduced fragmentation hazard, strong pollution performance, and easier handling during installation | IEC 60099-4; IEEE C62.11; applicable grid-code and utility acceptance tests | Higher-energy designs for long transmission corridors and condition-based replacement planning |
| Renewable Energy Plants | LV, MV, and HV levels depending on plant architecture | PV combiner boxes, inverter AC/DC sides, collector feeders, wind turbine transformers, grid interconnection substations | Protection against direct and induced lightning, switching surges, and converter-related transients | Outdoor durability, low maintenance, and suitability for distributed installations | IEC 61643 series; IEC 60099-4 for medium- and high-voltage arresters | Growth in protection designed for hybrid solar-storage plants, offshore wind, and converter-dominated grids |
| Industrial and Process Facilities | Typically LV to MV | Motor control centers, variable-frequency drives, plant substations, instrumentation and control systems | Reducing downtime and protecting sensitive electronic and rotating equipment from transient disturbances | Compact installation, corrosion resistance, and improved safety during end-of-life failure conditions | IEC 61643-11; IEC 60099-4 where medium-voltage equipment is involved | Coordinated multi-stage protection and integration with industrial power-quality monitoring |
| Railway Electrification | Application-dependent DC and AC traction voltages | Traction substations, catenary systems, feeder sections, rolling-stock auxiliary circuits | Limiting lightning and switching surges while tolerating frequent operational transients | High vibration resistance, low mass, and reliable outdoor performance | IEC 60099-4 where applicable; railway-specific electrical and environmental standards | More compact traction equipment and condition monitoring for safety-critical infrastructure |
| Offshore and Coastal Infrastructure | LV, MV, and HV levels | Offshore wind platforms, marine substations, coastal utility networks, port facilities | Protection under salt fog, high humidity, strong winds, and restricted maintenance access | Hydrophobic silicone surfaces, corrosion resistance, and reduced risk of brittle fracture | IEC 60099-4; IEC 60815 for pollution and insulation coordination considerations | Longer-life materials, remote diagnostics, and designs optimized for severe marine environments |